{"id":6757,"date":"2023-11-28T12:20:00","date_gmt":"2023-11-28T09:20:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/Muhandes.Net\/?p=6757"},"modified":"2023-11-28T11:03:40","modified_gmt":"2023-11-28T08:03:40","slug":"%d8%ba%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%b1%d9%8a-%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%81%d8%a7%d9%8a%d9%8a%d8%aa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/Muhandes.Net\/?p=6757","title":{"rendered":"\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u064a\u064a\u062a"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-medium is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/Muhandes.Net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/image-210-700x463.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6758\" width=\"578\" height=\"382\" srcset=\"https:\/\/Muhandes.Net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/image-210-700x463.png 700w, https:\/\/Muhandes.Net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/image-210-900x595.png 900w, https:\/\/Muhandes.Net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/image-210-768x508.png 768w, https:\/\/Muhandes.Net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/image-210-310x205.png 310w, https:\/\/Muhandes.Net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/image-210.png 931w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 578px) 100vw, 578px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u064a\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0632\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a 70.000 \u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0626\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0644\u0623 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 (Boulevard Haussmann)\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629\u060c 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\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u062a\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0641\u062a\u062a\u0627\u062d (Le Bon March\u00e9) \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1852\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u062b\u0644 (Les Grands Magasins du Louvre)\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1855\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 (Les Grands Magasins du Printemps \u0648 La Samariteine) \u200b\u200b\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1865.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0639\u0644 (Galeries Lafayette) \u0634\u064a\u0626\u064b\u0627 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\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0634\u063a\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639 (Chaussee d\u2019Antin \u0648 Boulevard Haussmann). \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0647\u064a (Chaussee d\u2019Antin \u2013 La Fayette). \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0647\u064a (Havre-Caumartin Op\u00e9ra \u0623\u0648 Havre \u2013 Cumartin \u0623\u0648 Richelieu \u2013 Drouot).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u064a\u064a\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1893\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0630 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 (Th\u00e9ophile Bader \u0648 Alphonse Kahn)\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0631\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 70 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639 (La Fayette) \u0648\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639 (Chaussee d\u2019Antin) \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0625\u0646 (Aux Galeries) \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0631\u060c (Galeries Lafayette).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0631 \u0645\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0648\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0628\u0631\u0627 \u0648 (Grands Boulevards) \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 (Saint-Lazare)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1896\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645 1 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639 (La Fayette). \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1903\u060c \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 38 \u0648 40 \u0648 42 \u0645\u0646 (Boulevard Haussmann) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0631\u0642\u0645 15 (Chaussee d\u2019Antin).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1907\u060c \u0643\u0644\u0641 \u062a\u064a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a (Boulevard Haussmann Georges Chedanne). \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1912\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 (Galeries Lafayette) \u0628\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0646\u0648\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1912.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062d\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0648\u0627. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d\u0629. \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u060c \u064a\u0646\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f (Th\u00e9ophile Bader) \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u062a\u0647. \u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u064a\u0636\u0639 \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 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