{"id":16657,"date":"2025-02-22T11:15:00","date_gmt":"2025-02-22T08:15:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/Muhandes.Net\/?p=16657"},"modified":"2025-02-22T18:23:42","modified_gmt":"2025-02-22T15:23:42","slug":"%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%b4%d8%b9%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ac%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ba%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%8a%d8%b3%d9%8a-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%83%d9%85-%d8%a8%d8%aa%d9%8a%d8%a7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/Muhandes.Net\/?p=16657","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

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\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 (SAW)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u0637 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 (SAW) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646 \u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0628\u0636 \u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 (FeCoSiB)\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u063a \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a (\u0394E-effect)\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u0631 (SAW)\u060c \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0639 (IDT) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 (\u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u0633\u0627\u062a (SAW) \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 (AlScN)\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0640 (AlN)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 (SAW)\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0640 (AlScN) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a (SAW).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 (1) \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 (Al0.68Sc0.32N) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0642\u0629 (Si) \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 (001)\u060c (200) \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 (AlCu IDTs) (\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 16 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631) \u0648\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 (l = 3.8) \u0645\u0645 \u0648 (25) \u0632\u0648\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0647\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0643 (1) \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 (SiO2) \u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a)\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0631\u0633\u0628 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0628\u0636 \u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a (Fe90Co10-78Si12B10) \u0628\u0633\u0639\u0629 (200) \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0637 (RF).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a (1) \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0629 (S) \u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 (SAW) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a (fC = 296 MHz)\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c (\u221232 dB)\u060c (22 dB) \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 (\u221254 dB)\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0647 (-6360) \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629\u060c (\u00b1 8.55) \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0631\u062a\u0632 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 (743.9) \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \/ \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0631\u062a\u0632 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0647 (t = 1.03 \u03bcs)\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 (l)\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 (v = 3689 m \/s) \u064a\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 (IC) (\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u064a AD8302) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 (AD8302-EVALZ) \u0643\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 (19) \u062f\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644 (T) \u0648\u0645\u062e\u0641\u0641 (20) \u062f\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 (\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 -1 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0628\u0644)\u060c \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062e\u0631\u062c \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 (-13 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0628\u0644) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u0643\u0627\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a (\u00b0\/ 10 mV) \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u064a (30 MHz) \u0644\u0643\u0627\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b (R8) \u0648\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d (C8)\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u062c (\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631)\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u064b \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0628\u0630\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a (2) \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 (dc \u2013 dc)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0636\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0624\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0644\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 (\u00b1 4.9) \u0637\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 (1) \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u062d \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 (2.5) \u0648 (+ 2.5) \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a (3) \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647. \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0638 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0624 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 (0) \u0637\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0624 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0628<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0630\u064a \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0641\u0631 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 (\u0623\u0648 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631)\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 (\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0624 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636) \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 (\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0624).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 (\u0628\u064a\u0646 0 A \u2026 + 5 A) \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a (\u0628\u064a\u0646 0 A \u2026 -5 A) \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0624 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u061b\u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0636\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a (\u00b1 2.5) \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a (4 \u2013 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b) \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0636\u064a (\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0641\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 (4 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637) \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629)\u061b \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u062e\u062a\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0636\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u061b \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644(4 \u2013 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

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